Abstract Mutations in codon 12, 13, or 61 of one of the three ras genes, H-ras, K-ras, and N-
ras, convert these genes into active oncogenes. Rapid assays for the detection of these …

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs)
regulate the activity of small guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins to control cellular …

We examined 82 surgically resected or biopsied, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary
adenocarcinomas of the pancreas for the presence of activating point mutations in codon 12 …

Because most colorectal carcinomas appear to arise from adenomas, studies of different
stages of colorectal neoplasia may shed light on the genetic alterations involved in tumor …

Abstract The Department of Medical Biochemistry and t Department of Organic Chemistry,
State University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratories, The Netherlands* The Oncology Center …

Rap1 is a small, Ras-like GTPase that was first identified as a protein that could suppress
the oncogenic transformation of cells by Ras. Rap1 is activated by several extracellular …

The Forkhead transcription factors AFX, FKHR and FKHR-L1 are orthologues of DAF-16, a
Forkhead factor that regulates longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans,,. Here we show that …

Reactive oxygen species are required for cell proliferation but can also induce apoptosis. In
proliferating cells this paradox is solved by the activation of protein kinase B (PKB; also …

Abstract The phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase (PI (3) K) effector protein kinase B (,)
regulates certain insulin-responsive genes,, but the transcription factors regulated by protein …

Tumor suppressor genes evolved as negative effectors of mitogen and nutrient signaling
pathways, such that mutations in these genes can lead to pathological states of growth …