Subjects' clinicopathological characteristics and the accuracy of frozen section diagnoses (N=427)*
| Characteristic | Correct diagnosis | Underdiagnosis | Overdiagnosis | P values† | All |
| (n=355) | (n=70) | (n=2) | (N=427) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.667 | ||||
| <40 | 74 (20.8) | 13 (18.6) | 1 | 88 (20.6) | |
| ≥40 | 281 (79.2) | 57 (81.4) | 1 | 339 (79.4) | |
| Menopausal status | 0.25 | ||||
| Pre-menopausal | 194 (54.6) | 33 (47.1) | 2 | 229 (53.6) | |
| Post-menopausal | 161 (45.4) | 37 (52.9) | 0 | 198 (46.4) | |
| Histology type | 0.052 | ||||
| Germ cell lesions | 20 (5.6) | 6 (8.6) | 0 | 26 (6.1) | |
| Sex cord-stromal lesions | 11 (3.1) | 4 (5.7) | 0 | 15 (3.5) | |
| Metastatic lesions | 20 (5.6) | 7 (10) | 0 | 27 (6.3) | |
| Serous lesions | 61 (17.2) | 5 (7.1) | 1 | 67 (15.7) | |
| Mucinous lesions | 97 (27.3) | 26 (37.1) | 1 | 124 (29.0) | |
| Endometrioid lesions | 60 (16.9) | 13 (18.6) | 0 | 73 (17.1) | |
| Clear cell lesions | 69 (19.4) | 7 (10) | 0 | 76 (17.8) | |
| Unclassified | 17 (4.8) | 2 (2.9) | 0 | 19 (4.4) | |
| Staging | 0.01 | ||||
| I | 240 (67.6) | 57 (81.4) | 2 | 299 (70.0) | |
| II | 34 (9.6) | 1 (1.4) | 0 | 35 (8.2) | |
| III | 59 (16.6) | 5 (7.1) | 0 | 64 (15.0) | |
| IV | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 | 2 (0.5) | |
| Unstaged | 20 (5.6) | 7 (10) | 0 | 27 (6.3) | |
| Capsule intact | 0.014 | ||||
| Intact | 127 (35.8) | 36 (51.4) | 0 | 163 (38.2) | |
| Ruptured | 228 (64.2) | 34 (48.6) | 2 | 264 (61.8) | |
| Frozen section blocks (n) | 0.504 | ||||
| 1 | 141 (39.7) | 28 (40) | 1 | 170 (39.8) | |
| 2 | 191 (53.8) | 35 (50) | 1 | 227 (53.2) | |
| ≥3 | 23 (6.5) | 7 (10) | 0 | 30 (7.0) | |
| Imprints | 0.669 | ||||
| Yes | 58 (16.3) | 10 (14.3) | 0 | 68 (15.9) | |
| No | 297 (83.7) | 60 (85.7) | 2 | 359 (84.1) | |
| Tumor size (cm) | 0.201 | ||||
| <5 | 9 (2.5) | 3 (4.3) | 0 | 12 (2.8) | |
| 5–14.9 | 197 (55.5) | 31 (44.3) | 1 | 229 (53.6) | |
| ≥15 | 149 (42.0) | 36 (51.4) | 1 | 186 (43.6) | |
| Tumor location | 0.773 | ||||
| Bilateral | 45 (12.7) | 8 (11.4) | 0 | 53 (12.4) | |
| Unilateral | 310 | 62 (88.6) | 2 | 374 (87.6) | |
| Ascites | 0.446 | ||||
| Yes | 86(24.2) | 14(20.0) | 0 | 100 (23.4) | |
| No | 269(75.8) | 56(80.0) | 2 | 327 (76.6) | |
| Ultrasound score | 0.062 | ||||
| 0 | 22 (6.2) | 10 (14.3) | 0 | 32 (7.5) | |
| 1 | 151 (42.5) | 26 (37.1) | 2 | 179 (41.9) | |
| 3 | 182 (51.3) | 34 (48.6) | 0 | 216 (50.6) | |
| Pre-operative CA125 (IU/ml)† | 0.163 | ||||
| ≤35 | 94 (26.6) | 24 (34.8) | 0 | 118 (27.8) | |
| >35 | 260 (73.4) | 45 (65.2) | 2 | 307 (72.2) | |
| Risk of Malignancy Index‡ | 0.162 | ||||
| <25 | 50 (14.1) | 16 (23.2) | 0 | 66 (15.5) | |
| 25–250 | 116 (32.8) | 21 (30.4) | 1 | 138 (32.5) | |
| >250 | 188 (53.1) | 32 (46.4) | 1 | 221 (52.0) | |
| Route of surgery | 0.148 | ||||
| Laparoscopy | 21 (5.9) | 1 (1.4) | 0 | 22 (5.2) | |
| Open surgery | 334 (94.1) | 69 (98.6) | 2 | 405 (94.8) | |
| Type of surgery | 1 | ||||
| Emergency | 9 (2.5) | 1 (1.4) | 0 | 10 (2.3) | |
| Scheduled elective | 346 (97.5) | 69 (98.6) | 2 | 417 (97.7) |
*Data presented as count (%).
†Pearson's χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for comparing correct diagnosis and underdiagnosis.
‡n(correct diagnosis)=355 and n(underdiagnosis)=70.