Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations
| Levels of evidence | |
| I | Evidence from at least one large randomized, controlled trial of good methodological quality (low potential for bias) or meta-analyses of well-conducted, randomized trials without heterogeneity. |
| II | Small randomized trials or large randomized trials with a suspicion of bias (lower methodological quality) or meta-analyses of such trials or of trials with demonstrated heterogeneity. |
| III | Prospective cohort studies. |
| IV | Retrospective cohort studies or case–control studies. |
| V | Studies without control group, case reports, experts' opinions. |
| Grades of recommendations | |
| A | Strong evidence for efficacy with a substantial clinical benefit, strongly recommended. |
| B | Strong or moderate evidence for efficacy but with a limited clinical benefit, generally recommended. |
| C | Insufficient evidence for efficacy or benefit does not outweigh the risk or the disadvantages (adverse events, costs, etc.), optional. |
| D | Moderate evidence against efficacy or for adverse outcome, generally not recommended. |
| E | Strong evidence against efficacy or for adverse outcome, never recommended. |