Perioperative characteristics and complications
| Characteristic (n (%)) | Pre-ERAS (n=150) | Post-ERAS (n=128) | P value |
| Estimated blood loss (mL) | 0.09* | ||
| <100 | 13 (8.7) | 13 (10.2) | |
| 100–499 | 102 (68.5) | 71 (55.5) | |
| 500–999 | 24 (16.1) | 35 (27.3) | |
| 1000–1999 | 6 (4.0) | 8 (6.3) | |
| 2000+ | 4 (2.7) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Unspecified | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Operating room time (hours) | 0.60* | ||
| <2 hours | 24 (16.0) | 14 (10.9) | |
| 2–4 hours | 97 (64.7) | 88 (68.8) | |
| 4–6 hours | 24 (16.0) | 22 (17.2) | |
| >6 hours | 3 (2.0) | 4 (3.1) | |
| Unspecified | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Residual disease | 0.96* | ||
| NED | 96 (64.0) | 81 (63.3) | |
| <1 cm | 45 (30.0) | 40 (31.3) | |
| >1 cm | 9 (6.0) | 7 (5.5) | |
| Surgical complexity | 0.07* | ||
| Low | 114 (76.0) | 90 (70.3) | |
| Medium | 33 (22.0) | 28 (21.9) | |
| High | 3 (2.0) | 10 (7.8) | |
| Bowel surgery | 0.05† | ||
| Yes | 14 (9.3) | 23 (18.0) | |
| General anesthesia | <0.0001* | ||
| Volatile | 141 (94.0) | 111 (86.7) | |
| TIVA | 7 (4.7) | 17 (13.3) | |
| Unspecified | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Epidural/spinal | 0.0001† | ||
| Yes | 90 (60.0) | 104 (81.3) | |
| Intraoperative fluids (L) | <0.0001* | ||
| 0–2 | 12 (8.0) | 71 (55.5) | |
| 2–4 | 95 (63.3) | 51 (39.8) | |
| 4–6 | 32 (21.3) | 5 (3.9) | |
| 6+ | 9 (6.0) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Unspecified | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Length of stay (days) (median (IQR)) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (3–4) | <0.0001‡ |
| Surgical complication | 27 (18.0) | 16 (12.5) | 0.25¶ |
| Reoperation | 2 | 0 | |
| Wound breakdown | 6 | 3 | |
| Anastomotic leak | 0 | 0 | |
| Estimated blood loss ≥1000 mL | 10 | 9 | |
| Transfusion >4 U pRBCs | 5 | 4 | |
| ICU admission | 3 | 0 | |
| Pancreatic leak | 1 | 0 | |
| Postoperative infection | 15 (10.0) | 8 (6.3) | 0.28¶ |
| UTI | 6 | 3 | |
| Pneumonia | 0 | 0 | |
| Abscess | 2 | 2 | |
| Wound infection | 6 | 3 | |
| Sepsis | 1 | 0 | |
| Gastrointestinal complications | 24 (16.0) | 8 (6.3) | 0.01¶, |
| Ileus | 8 | 2 | |
| Vomiting | 14 | 4 | |
| Diarrhea | 2 | 2 | |
| Cardiovascular complications | 4 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.13¶ |
| DVT/PE | 4 | 0 | |
| MI | 0 | 0 | |
| Stroke | 0 | 0 | |
| Readmission | 13 (8.7) | 14 (10.9) | 0.55† |
| Death within 60 days | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0† |
| Events per patient (95% CI) | 0.56 (0.40 to 0.64) | 0.36 (0.28 to 0.45) | 0.0009**§ |
*χ2 test.
†Fisher’s exact test.
‡Mann–Whitney Test.
§Including colloid, crystalloid, and blood products.
¶Fisher’s exact test for category
**N-1 χ2 test
DVT, deep vein thrombosis; ICU, intensive care unit; MI, myocardial infarction; NED, no evidence of disease; PE, pulmonary embolism; pRBCs, packed red blood cells; TIVA, total intravenous anesthesia; UTI, urinary tract infection.