Baseline sociodemographic, reproductive health and clinical characteristics
| Variable* | HPV-negative | HPV-positive | Total | P value |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Participants recruited | 1288 (81.4) | 294 (18.6) | 1582 | |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 40 (35–45) | 39 (34–44) | 40 (35–45) | 0.108 |
| Age groups, years | 0.172 | |||
| 30–39 | 586 (45.9) | 147 (50.3) | 733 (46.8) | |
| 40–50 | 690 (54.1) | 145 (49.7) | 835 (53.2) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Single | 99 (7.8) | 30 (10.3) | 129 (8.2) | |
| Married/in relationship | 1110 (87.0) | 229 (78.4) | 1339 (85.4) | |
| Divorced/widowed | 67 (5.2) | 33 (11.3) | 100 (6.4) | |
| Education | 0.895 | |||
| Unschooled/primary education | 323 (25.3) | 75 (25.7) | 398 (25.4) | |
| Secondary and tertiary education | 853 (74.7) | 217 (74.3) | 1170 (74.6) | |
| Employment status | 0.086 | |||
| Employed | 390 (30.5) | 94 (32.2) | 484 (30.9) | |
| Independent | 360 (28.2) | 87 (29.8) | 447 (28.5) | |
| Housewife | 302 (23.7) | 53 (18.1) | 355 (22.6) | |
| Other (eg, student, unemployed) | 47 (3.7) | 19 (6.5) | 66 (4.2) | |
| Farmer | 177 (13.9) | 39 (13.4) | 216 (13.8) | |
| Age of menarche, mean±SD | 14.6±1.8 | 14.7±1.9 | 14.6±1.8 | 0.888 |
| <13 years | 143 (11.2) | 36 (12.3) | 179 (11.4) | 0.213 |
| 13–15 years | 753 (59.0) | 156 (53.4) | 909 (58.0) | |
| ≥16 years | 380 (29.8) | 100 (34.3) | 490 (30.6) | |
| Age at first intercourse, median (IQR) | 18 (16–19) | 18 (16–19) | 18 (16–19) | 0.996 |
| <13 years | 8 (0.6) | 0 | 8 (0.5) | 0.386 |
| 13–15 years | 159 (12.6) | 35 (12.1) | 194 (12.5) | |
| ≥16 years | 1101 (86.8) | 255 (87.9) | 1356 (87.0) | |
| Number of sexual partners, mean±SD | 3.8±3.3 | 4.2±3.8 | 3.9±3.3 | 0.007 |
| 0–1 | 184 (14.4) | 31 (10.6) | 215 (13.7) | 0.302 |
| 2 to 5 | 883 (69.2) | 205 (70.2) | 1088 (69.4) | |
| 6 to 9 | 148 (11.6) | 40 (13.7) | 188 (12.0) | |
| >10 | 61 (4.8) | 16 (5.5) | 77 (4.9) | |
| Age at first delivery, mean±SD | 21.7±4.1 | 21.7±3.9 | 21.7±4.0 | 0.786 |
| <19 years | 252 (20.5) | 58 (20.5) | 310 (20.5) | 0.896 |
| 19–25 years | 767 (62.5) | 180 (62.6) | 947 (62.7) | |
| >25 years | 209 (17.0) | 45 (15.9) | 254 (16.8) | |
| Parity, mean±SD | 4.4±2.1 | 3.9±2.1 | 4.3±2.1 | 0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 56 (4.4) | 13 (4.5) | 69 (4.4) | 0.136 |
| 1 to 4 | 549 (43.0) | 144 (49.3) | 693 (44.2) | |
| >4 | 671 (52.6) | 135 (46.2) | 806 (51.4) | |
| Contraception | 0.429 | |||
| None | 893 (70.2) | 192 (66.2) | 1085 (69.4) | |
| Condom | 147 (11.5) | 36 (12.4) | 183 (11.7) | |
| Hormonal (implant, injectable, pill) | 155 (12.2) | 45 (15.5) | 200 (12.8) | |
| Other (IUD, sterilization, spermicide) | 78 (6.1) | 17 (5.9) | 85 (6.1) | |
| Smoker | 11 (0.9) | 2 (0.7) | 13 (0.8) | 0.763 |
| HIV status (self-reported) | <0.001 | |||
| Negative | 1221 (97.5) | 268 (93.4) | 1489 (96.8) | |
| Positive | 31 (2.5) | 19 (6.6) | 50 (3.2) |
*Missing data are not represented in this table.
HPV, human papillomavirus; IUD, intrauterine device; n, number.