Patient demographics (systemic progestin group)
| Characteristics | All | Metformin (−) | Metformin (+) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value* |
| Number | n=176 | n=140 | n=36 | |||
| Age (years) | 36 (30–43) | 36 (30–43) | 35 (27–41) | 0.204 | ||
| <30 | 40 (22.7%) | 28 (20.0%) | 12 (33.3%) | |||
| 30–39 | 74 (42.0%) | 62 (44.3%) | 12 (33.3%) | |||
| 40–49 | 43 (24.4%) | 34 (24.3%) | 9 (25.0%) | |||
| ≥50 | 19 (10.8%) | 16 (11.4%) | 3 (8.3%) | |||
| Year | 0.099 | |||||
| 2003–2008 | 75 (42.6%) | 65 (46.4%) | 10 (27.8%) | |||
| 2009–2013 | 75 (42.6%) | 57 (40.7%) | 18 (50.0%) | |||
| 2014–2018 | 26 (14.8%) | 18 (12.9%) | 8 (22.2%) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | 0.072 | |||||
| White | 111 (63.1%) | 83 (59.3%) | 28 (77.8%) | |||
| Black | 12 (6.8%) | 8 (5.7%) | 4 (11.1%) | |||
| Hispanic | 3 (1.7%) | 3 (2.1%) | 0 | |||
| Asian | 6 (3.4%) | 6 (4.3%) | 0 | |||
| Other/unknown | 44 (25.0%) | 40 (28.6%) | 4 (11.1%) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 37.7 (31.9–45.0) | 38.3 (31.2–45.0) | 37.1 (32.7–46.3) | 0.905 | ||
| <25 | 9 (5.1%) | 9 (6.4%) | 0 | |||
| 25–29.9 | 20 (11.4%) | 16 (11.4%) | 4 (11.1%) | |||
| 30–34.9 | 39 (22.2%) | 28 (20.0%) | 11 (30.6%) | |||
| 35–39.9 | 32 (18.2%) | 23 (16.4%) | 9 (25.0%) | |||
| ≥40 | 72 (40.9%) | 61 (43.6%) | 11 (30.6%) | |||
| Unknown | 4 (2.3%) | 3 (2.1%) | 1 (2.8%) | |||
| Gravidity | 0.286 | |||||
| 0 | 90 (51.1%) | 71 (50.7%) | 19 (52.8%) | |||
| 1 | 30 (17.0%) | 27 (19.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | |||
| 2 | 22 (12.5%) | 18 (12.9%) | 4 (11.1%) | |||
| ≥3 | 34 (19.3%) | 24 (17.1%) | 10 (27.8%) | |||
| Parity | 0.887 | |||||
| 0 | 104 (59.1%) | 81 (57.9%) | 23 (63.9%) | |||
| 1 | 32 (18.2%) | 27 (19.3%) | 5 (13.9%) | |||
| 2 | 15 (8.5%) | 12 (8.6%) | 3 (8.3%) | |||
| ≥3 | 25 (14.2%) | 20 (14.3%) | 5 (13.9%) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.833 | |||||
| No | 130 (72.2%) | 104 (74.3%) | 26 (72.2%) | |||
| Yes | 46 (26.1%) | 36 (25.7%) | 10 (27.8%) | |||
| Diabetes | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 120 (68.2%) | 112 (80.0%) | 8 (22.2%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 56 (31.8%) | 28 (20.0%) | 28 (77.8%) | 12.5 (4.21 to 37.4) | <0.001 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 138 (78.4%) | 124 (88.6%) | 14 (38.9%) | |||
| Yes | 38 (21.6%) | 16 (11.4%) | 22 (61.1%) | 6.29 (2.33 to 16.9) | <0.001 | |
| PCOS | 0.014 | |||||
| No | 144 (81.8%) | 120 (85.7%) | 24 (66.7%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 32 (18.2%) | 20 (14.3%) | 12 (33.3%) | 6.20 (1.83 to 21.1) | 0.003 | |
| Infertility | 0.339 | |||||
| No | 107 (60.8%) | 88 (62.9%) | 19 (52.8%) | |||
| Yes | 69 (39.2%) | 52 (37.1%) | 17 (47.2%) | |||
| Aspirin | 0.269 | |||||
| No | 164 (93.2%) | 132 (94.3%) | 32 (88.9%) | |||
| Yes | 12 (6.8%) | 8 (5.7%) | 4 (11.1%) | |||
| Statin | 0.002 | |||||
| No | 162 (92.0%) | 134 (95.7%) | 28 (77.8%) | |||
| Yes | 14 (8.0%) | 6 (4.3%) | 8 (22.2%) | |||
| β-blocker | 0.465 | |||||
| No | 165 (93.8%) | 130 (92.9%) | 35 (97.2%) | |||
| Yes | 11 (6.3%) | 10 (7.1%) | 1 (2.8%) | |||
| Endometrial echo complex (mm) | 0.450 | |||||
| 0–4 | 8 (4.5%) | 7 (5.0%) | 1 (2.8%) | |||
| 5–9 | 40 (22.7%) | 32 (22.9%) | 8 (22.2%) | |||
| 10–14 | 54 (30.7%) | 38 (27.1%) | 16 (44.4%) | |||
| 15–19 | 30 (17.0%) | 25 (17.9%) | 5 (13.9%) | |||
| ≥20 | 32 (18.2%) | 28 (20.0%) | 4 (11.1%) | |||
| Not measured | 12 (6.8%) | 10 (7.1%) | 2 (5.6%) | |||
Median (IQR) or number (percentage per column) is shown. Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher exact test, or χ2 test for p value on univariable analysis.
Significant p values are in bold.
*P value for multivariable analysis with a binary logistic regression model.
BMI, body mass index; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.