Pre-operative and intra-operative components of ERAS guidelines for laparotomy
| ERAS institution n=186 | Non-ERAS institution n=103 | P values | |
| Type of bowel preparation* | |||
| Mechanical | 135 (73) | 82 (80) | 0.20 |
| Antibiotic | 86 (46) | 29 (28) | 0.003 |
| Enema | 39 (16) | 15 (15) | 0.87 |
| None | 22 (12) | 14 (14) | 0.66 |
| Initiation of pre-operative fasting, solids | |||
| ≤6 hours | 46 (25) | 17 (17) | 0.14 |
| 6–8 hours | 69 (37) | 37 (26) | |
| ≥8 hours | 71 (38) | 48 (47) | |
| No response | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
| Initiation of pre-operative fasting, liquids | |||
| ≤2 hours | 97 (52) | 29 (28) | <0.001 |
| 2–6 hours | 57 (31) | 24 (23) | |
| >6 hours | 29 (16) | 49 (48) | |
| No response | 3 (2) | 1 (1) | |
| Use of carbohydrate loading | |||
| Yes | 117 (63) | 16 (16) | <0.001 |
| No | 65 (35) | 85 (83) | |
| Not sure/no response | 4 (2) | 2 (2) | |
| Type of carbohydrate loading* | |||
| Gatorade | 62 (33) | 8 (8) | <0.001 |
| Clear fast | 38 (20) | 2 (2) | <0.001 |
| GU/marathon carbohydrate | 12 (6) | 3 (3) | 0.27 |
| Other | 19 (10) | 4 (4) | 0.07 |
| Use of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis | |||
| Yes | 170 (91) | 97 (94) | 0.48 |
| No | 15 (8) | 5 (5) | |
| Not sure/no response | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | |
| Mode of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis | |||
| Chemical | 29 (16) | 20 (19) | 0.71 |
| Mechanical | 140 (75) | 77 (75) | |
| Other | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| No response | 16 (9) | 6 (6) | |
| Use of epidural | |||
| Rarely/never | 104 (56) | 61 (59) | 0.004 |
| Sometimes | 28 (15) | 25 (24) | |
| Often/always | 52 (28) | 13 (13) | |
| No response | 2 (1) | 4 (4) | |
| Use of nerve block | |||
| Rarely/never | 70 (38) | 25 (24) | 0.75 |
| Sometimes | 53 (28) | 25 (24) | |
| Often/always | 60 (32) | 32 (31) | |
| No response | 3 (2) | 1 (1) | |
| Intra-operative fluid management | |||
| By anesthesia | 58 (31) | 28 (27) | <0.001 |
| Goal-directed, non-invasive | 81 (44) | 5 (5) | |
| Goal-directed, invasive | 6 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| None | 21 (11) | 54 (52) | |
| Not sure/no response | 20 (11) | 16 (16) | |
| Core body temperature measured continuously | |||
| Yes | 147 (79) | 80 (78) | 0.93 |
| No | 6 (3) | 3 (3) | |
| Not sure/no response | 33 (18) | 20 (19) |
Association of pre-operative and intra-operative components of ERAS guidelines for laparotomy with institution type.
*Percentages may sum to more than 100%, as participants could choose more than one option.
ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery.