Introduction This prospective study aims to explore the potential connection between vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS) and the prevalence of high-risk oncogenic HPV infection.

Methods Conducted at Hacettepe University Hospital from January to July 2023, the study included LS-confirmed biopsy and benign/nonspecific groups. Inclusion criteria encompassed women aged 30 to 40, single, 1–4 partners, non-smokers, and no diseases/condylomas. The Chi-square test assessed significance.

Results Out of 198 vulvar biopsies, 173 had complete data. LS group (76 patients) & control (97 patients) were analyzed. LS: 34.2% (26/76) HPV-positive, 65.8% (50/76) negative. Control: 19.5% (19/97) HPV-positive, 80.5% (78/97) negative (P < 0.05).

Conclusion/Implications The study concludes that due to the premalignant nature of vulvar lichen sclerosus, vigilant monitoring of vulvar lesions is crucial. Notably, a significant elevation in high-risk oncogenic HPV prevalence was observed among LS patients. The calculated Odds Ratio (OR) of approximately 2.84 (95% CI: [2.829, 6.235]) underscores this association’s importance. Therefore, thorough cervical pathology follow-up is advised for individuals diagnosed with vulvar LS. Larger studies can provide a deeper understanding of the complex relationship. This study contributes to the growing knowledge on vulvar LS and its potential implications on cervical health, emphasizing the need for comprehensive patient care and further research. By shedding light on this link, clinicians can better tailor their approach to LS patients, ensuring early detection and management of associated risks.