Introduction Standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) includes concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) that typically controls localized disease. However, most patients develop distant metastasis, ultimately leading to death.

Objective To determine the role of adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel for clinical outcomes in patients with LACC.

Methods Between 2010 and 2017, 109 patients with LACC were retrospectively evaluated. All patients received cisplatin (40 mg/m²) with concurrent external-beam radiotherapy (up to 50.4 Gy), followed by intra-cavitary brachytherapy. Forty-six of 109 patients received a median of six cycles (range 3–6 cycles) of adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel (175 mg/m²) and carboplatin (CRT + chemotherapy group; area under the curve 5). The remaining 63 patients did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (CRT group).

Results Disease-free survival and overall survival after a median follow-up of 24.5 months (range 2.6–94.75 months) were 93.5% and 95.7% and 69.8% and 82.5 % for the CRT + chemotherapy and CRT groups, respectively (p = 0.001, p = 0.012, respectively). No acute grade 3/4 gastrointestinal or genitourinary toxicities were seen during CRT. During adjuvant chemotherapy, the most troublesome side effects were hematologic and neurologic toxicities; however, most were manageable. No chronic grade 3/4 genitourinary toxicities were seen.

Discussion Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with LACC significantly improved both disease-free survival and overall survival without increasing unmanageable toxicity. Future larger prospective trials are warranted to verify these findings.